Synonyms and Antonyms Class 9
Synonyms and Antonyms
What are Synonyms?
Synonyms are words which are used as substitutes for other words. Sometimes, synonyms need not mean exactly the same as the other word. They can also be a close substitute which means they can mean nearly the same as the other word.
Synonyms can belong to any word category:
| Category | Word | Synonym |
| Noun | Paramour | Lover |
| Adjective | Pleasing | Alluring |
| Verb | Scan | Swindle |
| Adverb | Candidly | Blatantly |
English is a language that has multiple influences. The socio-political history of England has helped shape the language into what it is today. Imperialism also had a big impact on the English language since the British took home new words from the countries they had colonised. Today, we have in English, words originating in Chinese, Sanskrit, Arabic and other colonial languages. It also has words that have originated in French, Spanish, German and Italian.
| Word | Meaning | Language of Origin |
| Ketchup | A condiment | Chinese |
| Gunny | A sack | Sanskrit |
| Alcohol | An intoxicant | Arabic |
| Riposte | A sharp reply | French |
| Bonanza | A profit, a rich find | Spanish |
Usage of Synonyms
Synonyms are used for the purpose of bringing variety in language. Apart from this, synonyms are also used to match the register and the mode of communication.
Synonyms are also used to distinguish speech from writing. Some words are preferable in writing, while some sound better in speech. Often, one reserves formal and sophisticated words for writing and casual words for speech.
What are Antonyms?
In contrast with synonyms, antonyms are words which are opposite in meaning to the other. This may sound strange, but often, to understand a word better, we have to look at its antonym. We learn the meaning of the word by understanding how it contrasts with its antonym.
| Category | Word | Antonyms |
| Noun | ally | foe |
| Adjective | bold | lily-livered |
| Verb | sanctify | desecrate |
| Adverb | completely | inadequately |
Types of Antonyms
There are three types of antonyms:
- Gradable antonyms
- Complementary antonyms
- Relational antonyms
Gradable Antonyms
Gradable antonyms are words which are the extreme opposites of each other. Imagine a spectrum or a scale. Gradable antonyms will be at equal distances from the centre on the scale. However, these words may have a spectrum of words between them. All these words may exist together on the same scale.
Complementary Antonyms
Unlike gradable antonyms which have a spectrum of words between them, complementary antonyms are words which express two extreme ideas without the possibility of ‘middle’ words. They do not lie on a continuous scale and are the exact opposites of each other.
Relational Antonyms
Relational antonyms are words which are opposite to each other by the virtue of their relationship alone. One finds meaning through the existence of the other. For example, the word up exists in relation to the word down.
