Devotional paths to the divine class 7 Worksheet with Answer

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Devotional paths to the divine

The Worship of a Supreme God

During medieval times in India, religious beliefs began to shift. Earlier, people believed in multiple gods and goddesses and followed the rigid caste system. Over time, people began questioning these practices, turning to Buddhism and Jainism for more equality. Eventually, a belief in a single Supreme God gained popularity, especially through the path of bhakti or devotion. Major deities like Shiva, Vishnu, and Durga rose to prominence as supreme beings. The Puranas highlighted that God's grace is accessible to all, regardless of caste, solidifying bhakti as a major principle in religious practices. This idea became so widespread it even influenced Jainism and Buddhism.

The Bhakti Movement in South India

In the 7th century, two religious movements focusing on Shiva (Nayanars) and Vishnu (Alvars) emerged in South India. These saints, often from lower castes, encouraged worship of these deities as the path to salvation, distancing themselves from Buddhism and Jainism. Their devotion was enshrined in poems and temples, linking the Bhakti tradition and temple worship. Religious biographies, or hagiographies, became popular texts for understanding the history and evolution of the Bhakti movement.

Contributions of Shankracharya and Ramanujam

Shankracharya, an 8th-century philosopher from Kerala, promoted the idea of a formless Supreme God and the concept of the world as an illusion. On the other hand, Ramanuja, from 11th-century Tamil Nadu, argued for devotion to Vishnu and presented the concept of ‘vishishtadvaita’, asserting that the soul, even when unified with God, maintains its individual identity.

The Basavanna’s Virashaivism and the Saints of Maharashtra

In Karnataka, Basavanna initiated the Virashaiva movement, advocating for equality and rejecting idol worship and Brahminical supremacy. Concurrently, saint poets in Maharashtra preached in the local language, focusing on the Bhakti of Lord Vitthala. These saints were against ritualism and caste distinctions, emphasizing a lived experience of faith rather than renunciation.

Other Religious Groups

Groups like Nathpanthis, Siddhacharas, and Yogis also criticized the caste system and rituals. They promoted yogic practices as a path to ultimate reality and salvation, gaining particular traction among the lower castes.

Islam and Sufism

Sufism, an Islamic spiritual tradition, emphasized devotion to God through love. Rejecting ritualistic practices, Sufis used chants, songs, dances, and other methods under a spiritual guide known as a 'pir'. They established hospices for spiritual and worldly discussions, contributing to the rise of the Chishti order.

Religious Developments in North India

North India saw saints like Kabir and Guru Nanak preaching unity and equality, while others like Tulsidas and Surdas emphasized existing religious practices. Their works were accessible due to their use of regional languages.

Two Great Saints of the Medieval Period

Sant Kabir was a 15th-century saint raised by a Muslim family but who wrote verses reflecting unity and equality. Baba Guru Nanak founded Sikhism and emphasized a holistic approach to life and spirituality. His teachings were compiled in the Guru Granth Sahib.

Conclusion

Religious movements in Medieval India were not monolithic; they were diverse and dynamic, addressing social inequalities while offering different paths to the Divine. From Bhakti and Sufism to Sikhism, these movements left a lasting impact, shaping the religious landscape of India in profound ways.

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