Embark on an enlightening journey with Class 11 Psychology Chapter 8, a pivotal segment in the NCERT Class 11 Psychology curriculum, brought to you by WitKnowLearn. This chapter delves into the intriguing realms of Motivation and Emotion, two essential aspects that drive human behavior and shape our understanding of psychological dynamics.

For students looking for comprehensive Class 11 Psychology Chapter 8 solutions, this chapter offers an in-depth exploration of the core concepts of motivation and emotion. It's a resource that answers your most pressing questions, making it an indispensable tool for mastering Class 11 Psychology. The chapter meticulously explains various theories and applications, ensuring a robust understanding of the subject.

In Class 11 Psychology Chapter 8, you will uncover the complex interplay between motivation and emotion, key elements that influence our daily lives. The solutions and question-answers provided are designed to cater to the needs of Class 11 students, ensuring a clear and thorough understanding of the topic. Whether you are seeking to grasp the fundamental principles for your exams or to gain a deeper insight into human psychology, this chapter serves as a perfect guide.

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Q1. Why is it important to manage negative emotions? Suggest ways to manage negative emotions.

Ans: It is important to manage negative emotions because negative emotions act as an obstruction towards viewing things clearly and taking rational decisions. For instance, anxious individuals find it difficult to concentrate or to make decisions even for small matters. Negative emotions also affect the psychological and physical health of an individual and may result in decreased ability to think or concentrate, and loss of interest in personal or social activities. Thus, managing emotions effectively is integral to effective social functioning.

The ways to suggest negative emotions are:

1. Enhancing self-awareness and being creative.

2. Appraising the situation objectively, without bias or preconceptions.

3. Self monitoring by constant evaluation of accomplishments and various experiences.

4. Engaging in self modeling by evaluating one’s best performance and using them as inspiration.

5. Perceptual reorganization and cognitive restructuring.

6. Developing and nurturing good relations and having empathy for others.

7. Participating in community service.

Q2. What is the basic idea behind Maslow’s hierarchy of needs? Explain with suitable examples.

Ans: Maslow proposed his view about human motivation. He attempted to portray a picture of human behaviour by arranging the various needs in a hierarchy. His viewpoint about motivation is popularly known as ‘Theory of selfactualization’

1. Maslow’s model can be conceptualized as a pyramid in which the bottom of this hierarchy represents basic physiological or biological needs which are basic to survival such as hunger thirst etc. Only when these needs are met, the need to be free from threatened danger arises. This refers to the safety needs of physical and psychological nature.

2. Next comes the need to seek out other people, to love and to be loved. After these needs are fulfilled, the individual strives for esteem, i.e. the need to develop a sense of self-worth. The next higher need in the hierarchy reflects an individual’s motive towards the fullest development of potential, i.e., self-actualization. A self-actualized person is self-aware, socially responsive, creative, spontaneous, open to novelty, and challenge. She/ he also has a sense of humor and capacity for deep interpersonal relationships.

3. Lower level needs (physiological) in the hierarchy dominate as long as they are unsatisfied. Once they are adequately satisfied, the higher needs occupy the individual’s attention and effort. However, very few people reach the highest level because most people are concerned more with the lower level needs.

Q3. What are the biological bases of hunger and thirst needs?

Ans: Hunger: The stimuli of hunger include stomach contractions, which signify that the stomach is empty. A low concentration of glucose in the blood A low level of protein and the amount of fats stored in the body.

The liver also responds to the lack of bodily fuel by sending nerve impulses to the brain.

The aroma, taste or appearance of food may also result in a desire to eat.

They all in combination act with external factors (such as taste, colour by observing other’s eating, and the smell

of food, etc.) to the help one understands that she/ he is hungry.

Thirst: When we are deprived of water for a period of several hours, the mouth and throat become dry, which leads to dehydration of body tissues.

Drinking water is necessary to wet a dry mouth.

The processes within the body itself control thirst and drinking of water.

Water must get into the tissues sufficiently to remove the dryness of mouth and throat.

Motivation to drink water is mainly triggered by the conditions of the body.

Loss of water from cells and reduction of blood volume.

When Water is lost by bodily fluids, water leaves the interior of the cells. The anterior hypothalamus contains

nerve cells called ‘osmoreceptors’, which generate nerve impulses in case of cell dehydration. These nerve

impulses act as a signal for thirst and drinking.

1. View: The mechanism which explains the intake of water is responsible for stopping the intake of water.

2. View: The role of stimuli resulting from the intake of water in the stomach have something to do with stopping of drinking water. The precise physiological mechanisms underlying the thirst drive are yet to be understood.

Q4. Does physiological arousal precede or follow an emotional experience? Explain.

Ans: William James and Carl Lange argued that the perception about bodily changes, like rapid breathing, a pounding heart and running legs following an event, – brings forth emotional arousal. 

This theory of emotion holds that body’s reaction to a stimulus produces emotional reaction.

The theory suggests that environmental stimuli elicit physiological responses from viscera (the internal organs like heart and lungs), which in turn, are associated with muscle movement.

 James-Lange theory argues that your perception about your bodily changes, like rapid breathing, a pounding heart, and running legs, following an event, brings forth emotional arousal The theory can be expressed in the following hierarchy:

Canon and Bard contradicted to the James-Lange theory.

According to this theory, felt emotion and the bodily reaction in emotion are independent of each other; both get triggered simultaneously. This theory of emotion holds that bodily changes and the experience of emotion occurs simultaneously.

Thalamus conveys the information simultaneously to the cerebral cortex and to the skeletal muscles and sympathetic nervous system.

The cerebral cortex then determines the nature of the perceived stimulus. By referring to the past experiences. This determines the subjective experience of emotion. Simultaneously the sympathetic nervous system and the muscles provide physiological arousal and prepare the individual to take action.

Following diagram shows the CANNON-BARD theory of emotion:

As proposed by the theory we first perceive potential emotion-producing situation which leads to activity in the

lower brain region such as the hypothalamus which in turn sends output in two directions:

1. To internal body organs, external muscles to produce bodily expressions.

2. To cerebral cortex where the pattern of discharge from the lower brain areas is perceived as felt emotion.